
The American Civil War, which started in 1861 and lasted until 1865, wasn’t just another conflict—it was the deadliest war ever fought on American soil, as armies clashed across the country on over 50 battlefields. But among this sea of conflicts, five battles stand out as turning points that altered the course of the war and, by extension, American history.
Gettysburg National Military Park

Fought for three days from July 1 to July 3, 1863, the Battle of Gettysburg is often considered the turning point of the Civil War. The Pennsylvania battlefield witnessed the highest number of casualties in the war, with more than 50,000 soldiers killed, wounded, or missing. Today, Gettysburg National Military Park has undertaken the task of preserving the battlefield and offering tours and educational programs.
Antietam National Battlefield

A day of unprecedented bloodshed, Antietam was a grinding struggle that claimed more casualties than any other single day in American history. This battle halted General Robert E. Lee’s first invasion into the North and allowed President Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. Considered to be a landmark document, it announced the freedom of the people enslaved in Confederate territory.
Shiloh National Military Park

One of the early engagements of the Civil War that shattered the illusion of a quick war was the Battle of Shiloh in southwestern Tennessee, fought on April 6 and 7, 1862. With nearly 24,000 casualties, the combat ended in a Union victory, which paved the way for their advance into the Mississippi Valley. Unfortunately, the aftermath of Shiloh also accelerated the industrialization of war.
Vicksburg National Military Park

The fall of Vicksburg marked the Union’s control of the Mississippi River, severing the Confederacy in two. After failed frontal assaults, Union General Ulysses S. Grant opted for a siege, encircling the city and cutting off its supply lines. This strategic triumph damaged the South’s economy, depriving it of vital supplies and hindering troop movement.
Appomattox Court House National Historical Park

On April 9, 1865, history was made at the McLean House in Appomattox Court House, Virginia. Here, General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army to General Ulysses S. Grant, marking a turning point for the nation. Now preserved as Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, visitors can tour the restored village and view the actual surrender site.